The white pulp is divided into PALS, the follicles and the marginal zone (Figures 3, 4 and 5). It consists of lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, plasma cells, arterioles and capillaries in a reticular framework similar to that found in red pulp (Saito et al., 1988). 1
Does the spleen have B cells?
T2 B cells are found exclusively in the spleen, but not in the bone marrow, blood, or lymph nodes (Fig. 1B).
Where are the B and T cells in the spleen?
CD4+ T cells, particularly follicular helper T cells (Tfh), are found in the TCZ/PALS of the spleen and assist B cells in the follicle to produce high-affinity antibodies through the production of cytokines (eg, IL21) and direct costimulation (e.g. ICOSICOS ligand) (63).
Does the spleen have T cells?
The spleen also contains a large population of natural killer cells (NKTs) that recognize lipid antigens and are involved in a variety of immune responses by secreting cytokines and inducing downstream activation of adaptive immune cell types.
Where are the B and T cells in the spleen?
CD4+ T cells, particularly follicular helper T cells (Tfh), are found in the TCZ/PALS of the spleen and assist B cells in the follicle to produce high-affinity antibodies through the production of cytokines (eg, IL21) and direct costimulation (e.g. ICOSICOS ligand) (63).
How many B lymphocytes are there in the spleen?
B1 cells are present in low numbers in the lymph nodes and spleen and are instead found mainly in the peritoneal and pleural cavities.
Are B1 cells found in the spleen?
CD4+ T cells, particularly follicular helper T cells (Tfh), are found in the TCZ/PALS of the spleen and assist B cells in the follicle to produce high-affinity antibodies through the production of cytokines (eg, IL21) and direct costimulation (e.g. ICOSICOS ligand) (63).
Where are the B and T cells located?
Bone marrow is extremely important for the immune system because all of the body’s blood cells (including T and B cells) come from the bone marrow. B cells stay in the bone marrow to mature while T cells migrate to the thymus.
What is the B cell area in the spleen?
Spleen B cell subsets, including virgin, memory, and CD5+ B cells, are characterized by their phenotypic markers and functions. Structural aspects of the spleen, including the red pulp, follicles, periarterial lymphatic sheaths (PALS), and germinal centers are associated with B cells located in these areas.
Where do B cells mature in the spleen?
Transitional type 1 (T1) B cells have recently invaded the bone marrow. They develop into transition phase type 2 (T2) B cells, which are cyclic and are found exclusively in the primary follicles of the spleen. Mature B cells can be generated from T1 or T2 B cells.